استخدام never و ever
ﺷﺮﺡ ﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ since & for
ﺯﻣــــﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀــــــــــﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟـﺘــﺎﻡ
ﻳﺘــﻜـــﻮﻥ ﻣــــﻦ: Have, has + p.p
I have just written the report. She has already cleaned the house.
ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ:
1- ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺑﺪﺍ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻬﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺃﺛﺮﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ:
I have lost my key. (I can't open the door)
He has just arrived ﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻲ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻓﺘﺮﻩ ﻗﺼﻴﺮﺓ
2- ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺑﺪﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺃﻻﻥ.
I have lived in Tanta for 20 years = I still live in Tanta
ﻟﻜﻦ ﻻﺣﻆ I lived in Tanta for 20 years = I live somewhere else
3- ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ lately – recently ﻟﻨﻘﺼﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ.
I haven't seen her lately.
4- ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ just – already ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ yet ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ.
I have already phoned the doctor.
I haven't phoned the doctor yet.
5--ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ (ever ) ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺧﺒﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻭ (never) ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ.
Have you ever been to Paris?
No, I have never been to Paris
6- ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺗﻪ
Since ﻣﻨﺬ Already ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ Up till now ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ
For ﻣﻨﺬ Just ﺣﺎﻻ Ever ﺳﺒﻖ ﺃﺑﺪﺍ
Lately ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺎ Yet ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻌﺪ Never ﺃﺑﺪﺍ (ﻻ)
recently ﻣﺆﺧﺮﺍ So far ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻻﻥ Over the years
Has, have been to
ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺫﻫﺐ ﺇﻟﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﻋﺎﺩ ﻣﻨﻪ
He has been to London (now he is in Egypt)
Has, have gone to
ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺫﻫﺐ ﺇﻟﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻝ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ
He has gone to Italy (he is still there)
ﺍﻟﻔــــــــــﺮﻕ ﺑــــﻴـــــــﻦ since & for
Since + ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺙ
for + ﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺙ – ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ
ﺇﺫﺍ ﺟﺎﺀ ﻣﻊ since ﻓﻌﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻀﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ.
She has learned English since 1995.
ﺇﺫﺍ ﺟﺎﺀ ﻣﻊ since ﻓﻌﻼﻥ ﻧﻀﻊ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﻭﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ.
ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺗﺎﻡ+ since + ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ
She has been in bed since she arrived home.
ﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﻵﺗﻲ: Since + ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺙ
Since 7 o'clock
Since 2000
Since yesterday
Since last night
Since April
Since Friday
Since then
Since spring
Since his arrival
*****************************
for + ﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺙ – ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ
For 2 hours
For 5 years
For a day - one day
For a night - the last night
For 2 months
For five days
For ages , along time
For a season
For years – a while
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ :
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ since ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ for ﻧﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﻴﻪ :
He has worked as a teacher for 8 years.
He has worked as a teacher since 2006.
ﻧﻄﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ....
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﺟﺎﺑﺘﻪ:ﻧﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ since ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
Sally has lived in Alexandria for 11 years
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