استخدام usually
جرامر الوحده الاولى 2ث
The Present Simple Tense زمن المضارع البسيط
يستخدم زمن المضارع البسيط للتعبير عن الحقائق الثابتة والأحداث الروتينية
هو إضافة ( s – es – ies ) للفعل لو سبقه ( مفرد – he –she – it )
He s I
She فعل es we فعل
It ies they
مفرد جمع
Ali studies English I study English
The boy writes letters The police help people
She eats a lot They answer questions
* نضع للفعل ies لو انتهى الفعل بـy وقبله حرف ساكن نحذف الـy ونضع ies
cry The baby cries at night / they cry for food
StudyMarwa studies English./ we study hard to achieve our dreams
* نضع للفعل es لو انتهى الفعل بإحدى النهايات التالية :
o go Noha goes to school early.
x fix The mechanic fixes cars
ch watch He watches T.V.
sh wash Nadia washes dishes.
ss pass The good student passes exams.
z quiz My teacher quizzes me exams.
* s مع باقى الأفعال
Ayman works in a hotel
Kind girls always help their mothers
Everyday my dad gives me my pocket money
كلمات تستخدم مع المضارع البسيط :
(Usually –always – sometimes – every – often – never – rarely – frequently – seldom ….etc
….From time to time & ………….. as usual
Usually subject (verb to be) used to
It's ملكية habit to + inf
* Magdi studies from time to time [usually /habit]
Magdi usually studies /it's magdi's habit to study
* Noha is used to watching T.V- [usually]
. Noha usually watches T.V.
* It's my habit to sing. [usually /as usual]
I usually sing. & I sing as usual
at all times
Always regularly
again and again
• My friends come early at all times. [ always]
• My friends always come early.
She studies regularly [ always]
she always studies
تاتي every اول او اخر الجملة بشرط ان تتبع بتعبير زمني فنقول مثلا
everyday –every year - every week –every season-every month …..etc
*my father travels to London yearly [every year]
my father travels to London every year
*we fast in Ramadan's [ every ]
every Ramadan we fast
not تستخدم للتعبير عن النفي ولذا يمكن وضعها مكان never
We don’t go to school on Fridays [ never ]
We never go to school on Fridays
* Esraa doesn’t get up late [ never ]
Esraa never gets up late
لو طلب منك استخدام never مكان always ينبغي عليك عكس الصفة
Ali is always polite [ never]
Ali is never rude /Ali is never impolite
It is never cold in summer in Egypt [always]
it is always hot in summer in Egypt
- Nora never comes late. (Always)
* Nora always comes early.
أما فى حالتى السؤال والنفى نستخدم v. to do
مفرد does→ he- she – it / جمع do → I – we – you – they
Do you eat outdoors? Does she work?
No, I don't eat outdoors. No, she doesn't work.
• يمكن استخدام المضارع البسيط مع بعض أدوات الربط
As soon as /After مضارع بسيط , مستقبل بسيط
Before مضارع بسيط , مستقبل بسيط
When مضارع بسيط , مستقبل بسيط
فاعل won't +مصدر Until فاعل + مضارع بسيط
After she studies, she will sleep.
I won't do homework until I study hard.
My father will phone us as soon as he arrives at his work.
يستخدم المضارع البسيط للتعبير عن الاحداث المتكررة بشكل عام اما الاحداث الخاصة او التي تحدث لمجرد مرة واحدة كسرا للروتين اليومي يكون زمن جملتها مضارع مستمر
-Every day I watch TV at home but tonight I am going to cinema
-They travel to Alex every summer but this summer they are traveling to Port Said
-my mother helps me with my homework everyday but today I am doing it alone
We live in Tanta
-I am living with some of my friends till I find a place of my own
يستخدم المضارع البسيط للتعبير عن الحقائق المطلقة
Man is born free ولد الانسان حرا
Water boils when we put it on stove
If you heat iron it expands
يستخدم الضارع البسيط للتعبير عن انشطة لفترة زمنية طويلة
He lives in Cairo
I like fish more than meat
She works as a secretary
present continuous المضارع المستمر
يعبر زمن المضارع المستمر عن احداث بدات وما زالت مستمرة حتى الان
تكوينه:يتكون المضارع المستمر من
am I
Ing +v + is she –it He-
are جمع We-you-they
I am reading a story
She is watching TV
They are cleaning their rooms
ملاحظات:
- لو كان الفعل منتهياب e تحذف عند اضافة ing move moving chase chasing write - writing
لو كان الفعل منتهيا بحرف ساكن وقبله حرف واحد متحرك يضعف الحرف
clap clapping
run running
- لو كان الفعل منتهي ب ie تحول الى y عند اضافة ing
lie lying die -dying tie tying
كلمات دالة على المضارع المستمر
(Now – look! - listen! –at this moment – at present time – still..etc)
They are studying now
Look! I'm watching TV
At the moment the pupils are studying
She is cooking lunch at the moment
- look ! he is reading a story * Adel is praying now .
- listen ! they are watching T.V . * she is still cooking .
* يمكن إستخدام المضارع المستمر فى حالة عدم وجود كلمات دالة وذلك لوكان معنى الجملة يدل على الاستمرار
Please, open the door because I am washing dishes.
Answer the phone, I am shaving
* يمكن استخدام المضارع المستمر للتعبير عن اللأحداث المخطط لها لعملها فى المستقبل لذا ففى حالة وجود كلمة دالة على المستقبل ولا نجد willأو going to نأخذ المضارع المستمر
They ( travel – travels – are traveling ) tomorrow .
She [ work –works –is working ]in this company next week
* يمكن استحدام always للحديث عن الامور المزعجة او التي يمكن ان تكون سبب في المضايقة
She is always complaining about how hard he life is
They are always asking trivial questions
Wake up! You are always sleeping
يستخدم المضارع المستمر للتعبير عن تغيرات تحدث الان وخاصة مع الافعال التالية
(get – change – become –increase –rise –grow – improve ….etc )
My English is getting better
The population of Egypt is getting higher these days
He is improving his standard of living by working day and night
Our youth are changing the map of Egypt through the reclamation of the desert
حالات عدم إستخدام المضارع المستمر
فى تلك الحالات يستخدم المضارع البسيط بدلاً من المضارع المستمر :
1. أفعال التفكير التى تعبر عن وظائف العقل
{Think-imagine-understand-believe-forget…..etc}
She understand now→ understands
نلاحظ انه عندما قمنا بتصحيح الفعل السابق وجدنا كلمة دالة على المضارع المستمر now ولكن الفعل فعل من افعال التفكير بذلك استخدمنا المضارع البسيط بدلا من المضارع المستمر
2. أفعال الحواس{hear-taste-smell- see …………………………….….etc}
3. أفعال المشاعر{love-hate-want-prefer………………………..…etc}
4. أفعال التملك{own-posses-belong…have……………………..……etc}
I want to travel now → want.
He is seeing the sky now sees
They are having a villa at the moment have
لو كان الفعل see مستخدم بمعني يزور او كان الفعل have مستخدم بمعني يتناول يمكن استخدامهما في المضارع المستمر
I am seeing the doctor tonight
They are having lunch now
The Past Simple Tense زمن الماضي البسيط
يستخدم الماضى البسيط للتعبير عن أحداث انتهت من فترة بعيدة ( فى الماضى )
هناك نوعين من الماضى : ماضى منتظم وماضي شاذ
الماضى المنتظم هو إضافة ied – ed – d للفعل
* نضع ied لو انتهى الفعل بـy وقبله حرف ساكن : study studied & cry cried
نضع d لو انتهى الفعل بـ e : move - moved& chase - chased
اذا انتهى الفعل بحرف ساكن وقبله حرف واحد متحرك يضعف الحرف الساكن
Stop stopped plan - planned drop -dropped
الماضى الشاذ : هناك شكلين من الماضى الشاذ
أ- شكل يبقى فيه الفعل كما هو :& hit hit & read -read cut – cut / put - put
ب- شكل يتغير فيه الفعل ومنها : sleep slept & go – went / but – bought
ما يدل على زمن الماضى البسيط :
( yesterday – last past – once – ago – then – one day – تاريخ ماضى
Yesterday Ali played football.
2 years ago we watched a great match.
Last year I used a recycled product.
* I was born in 1990 (ago )
I was born fifteen years ago.
* Twenty four hours ago I bought a car. (yesterday )
Yesterday I bought a car.
* Every one came before Ali. ( last )
Ali was the last one to come / Ali came the last.
When = How long ago
* When have you travelled ? [how long]
How long ago did you travel?
• يستخدم الماضى البسيط لسرد أحداث قصة باستخدام بعض تعبيرات سرد الحكاية ( first…., then …., after that….., finally …………………….)
Yesterday I decided to go to school early so I did many things before sleeping , first I set my alarm clock , then I packed my books for the next day finally I said good night to my parents and went to bed.
* يستخدم الماضى البسيط للتعبير عن أشياء كنت معتاداً عملها فى الماضى أي أنه يستخدم مع used to بمعنى اعتاد أن " المصدر + used to "الفاعل
* I played football when I was young. ( used to )
I used to play football when I was young.
* It was part of my habit to sing. ( used to )
I used to sing.
* I always spoke English when I was in London [ used to]
I used to speak English when I was in London
يستخدم الماضي البسيط للتعبير عن حدث انتهى وليس لة علاقة بالحاضر
The pharaohs built the pyramids
She cooked a delicious cake last week
We defeated Israel in 1973
Five minutes ago I wrote a report to my boss
usually ,always…etc يمكن استخدام الكلمات التي كانت تستخدم مع المضارع ابسيط مثل
للتعبيرعن الماضي البسيط
My father was always late for school when he was young
She cooked lunch everyday last week
When I was young I always studied with my friends
زمن الماضي المستمر
The past continuous tense
يعبر الماضى المستمر عن أحداث كانت مستمرة فى الماضى فى فترة زمنيةمحددة أو يستخدم للتعبير عن حدث كان مستمراً فى الحدوث فى الماضى حتى قطعة حدث أخر
تكوينه : يتكون الماضى المستمر من
Was + v. + ing ← مفردI – he – she – it -
+ v. + ing were← جمع we – you – they –
-he was watching TV yesterday at seven o'clock.
- They were playing football last week in the morning .
- We were doing homework 2 days ago in the evening .
- Adel was washing the dishes yesterday at three o'clock.
مايدل على زمن الماضي المستمر
1) كلمة دالة على الماضي البسيط + تعبير زمنى أو ساعة
- Yesterday in the afternoon I was studying English.
- He was crying last week in the morning.
- They were cleaning the car yesterday at 8 o'clock.
Madiha was writing a letter last week at 5 o'clock.
2) يستخدم الماضى المستمر مع when , while
ماض بسيط , ماضى مستمر while
ماضى مستمر , ماضى بسيط when
ماضى بسيط when ماضى مستمر
ماضى مستمر while ماضى بسيط
When he fell down, he was walking (while) *
- While he was walking, he fell down.
He found a wallet, while he was running (when) *
- He was running when he found a wallet.
(While) Fadia was reading when the light went out *
While Fadia was reading, the light went out.-
* يمكن ذكر الفعل + ing بعد while مباشرة
* When Sara cried, she was singing (while)
While Sara was singing, she cried.
While singing, Sara cried.
ملحوظة :
لو كانت الجملة تحتوى على كلمات دالة على الماضى المستمر وذكرنا عدد مرات فعل الشئ يكون زمن الجملة ماضى بسيط
I wrote four letters yesterday at seven o'clock
لوكانت الجملتين مستمرتين فى الماضى أى لم يقطع أاحدهما الأخريكون زمن الجملتين ماضى مستمر
.
ماضى مستمر , ماضى مستمر while
While I was reading, they were watching TV.
When I shouted, they got up.
* فى النفى والسؤال لو بدات الجملة was / were تكون الإجابة No / Yes
- were they sleeping? Yes, they were.
- was Ali reading? Yes, he was. / No, he wasn't.
- were you singing? Yes, I was. / No, I wasn't.
* لوكانت الإجابة بفعل فية ing نضع اول الجملة what وفى أخرها doing ونعمل مقص
Ali: what were you doing?
Rania: I was playing football.
As / while ماضي مستمر , ماضي بسيط
اسم
During
V + ing , ماضي بسيط
While I was watching the film, I slept.
During the film, I slept.
During watching the film, I slept.
فى حالة عدم وجود فاعل بعد while نضع الفاعل وبه ing مباشرة
While (was reading – reading – read) light went out.
when "بدلا من on + اسم او on+الفعل+ing يمكن استخدا"م
When I arrived, they were celebrating their success
On my arrival they were celebrating their success
When she was singing, she fainted
On singing, she fainted
When I heard the crash , I called the police [ on]
On hearing the crash , I called the police
حالات عدم إستخدام الماضي المستمر
فى تلك الحالات يستخدم الماضي البسيط بدلاً من الماضي المستمر :
أفعال التفكير التى تعبر عن وظائف العقل
{Think-imagine-understand-believe-forget…..etc}
أفعال الحواس{hear-taste-smell- see …………………………….….etc}
أفعال المشاعر{love-hate-want-prefer………………………..…etc}
أفعال التملك{own-posses-belong…have……………………..……etc}
لو كان الفعل see مستخدم بمعني يزور او كان الفعل have مستخدم بمعني يتناول يمكن استخدامهما في الماضي المستمر
I was seeing the doctor
They were having lunch
The present perfect tense زمن المضارع التا م
يعبر زمن المضارع التام عن حدث انتهي منذ فترة وجيزة وهناك اثر يدل علي حدوثه
تكوينه :
يتكون المضارع التام من
I – we – you – they اسم جمع-+ have + P.P
He – she – it - اسم مفرد+ has + P.P
- They have watched TV.
- We have cooked lunch
- I have studied the problem.
- She has booked a room
- Ayman has seen a spider
- He has moved to Luxor
ما يدل علي زمن المضارع التام
( just – already – yet – ever – never – since – for – lately – recently – so far – up till now – throughout history – over ages ………
just – already تستخدما في الجملة المثبته بين have او has والتصريف الثالث
I have just ironed my clothes
She has already swept the floor.
Yet تستخدم بمعنى حتى الان وتاتي في اخر الجملة المنفية او السؤال :
They haven't phoned us yet
Has she sent the letter yet ?
He is still painting his room [yet]
He hasn’t finished painting his room yet
Ever تستخدم بمعني من قبل وتاتي وسط السؤال وتتبع بالتصريف الثالث وعند الاجابة عليها بــ No نضع بدلا منها never
Have you ever travelled by balloon?
No, I have never travelled by balloon.
lately – recently تستخدما بمعني في الايام القليلة الماضية تاتيا اخر السؤال ولكننا نستخدم lately في الجملة المنفية اما recently في الجملة المثبتة
Have you phoned her (lately – recently)?
I have answered a question recently
They haven't visited us lately.
(لمدة for– since منذ) كلاهما ياتي قبلهما جملة في المضارع التام ولكن الفرق بينهما فيما ياتي بعدهما.
Since ( تاريخ – last –o'clock - then – جملة في الماضي – يوم- شهر ….etc.
For ( مدة – the last – hour – a long time – ages ………. Etc.
Aya has moved to Cairo for seven years. (since)
Aya has moved to Cairo since 2001
It's ten o'clock . she has slept for 2 hours (since)
She has slept since eight o'clock.
*لوجاءت جملة بعد since تكون ماضى بسيط ويمكن ان يأتى بعدها ال ( v + ing )
He hasn’t come since you fired him.
Since going to Cairo. She has stayed there.
1) عند إستخدم just now – a moment ago – a short time ago مكان just يوضعوا أخر الجملة ويصبح زمن الجملة ماضى بسيط
He has just arrived → he arrived a short time ago.
They have just phoned -they phoned a moment ago
2) عندإستخدام before now مكان already يحول زمن الجملة للماضي البسيط
He has already finished →he finished before now.
3) لوكان التحويل من for since → صعب نستخدم الطريقة التالية
اي انة لو كانت المدة لا يمكن تحويلها الي تاريخ نستخدم التركيبة التالية
It ( is – was – has been ) مدة since ماضي بسيط
He hasn't travelled for ages (since)
It is ages since he travelled.
He hasn’t studied for along time. ( since )
- It is along time since he studied.
استخدام when محل since
فاعل last ماضي بسيط when ماضي بسيط
The last time فاعل ماضي when ماضي بسيط
فاعل hasn't – haven't + P.P since ماضي بسيط
He hasn't helped her since she was ill.
He last helped her when she was ill.
The last time he helped her when she was ill.
* He hasn’t washed since he was ill.
He last washed when he was ill.
The last time he washed when he was ill.
اما لو كانت since متبوعة بتعبير زمني عند التحويل نضع was مكان when
I haven't phoned her since last week (last)
The last time I phoned her was last week.
I last phoned her was last week.
The last time I phoned her was a week ago
* Aya hasn’t cooked since 2000.
Aya last cooked in 2000.
استخدام ago مكان for
فاعل ( have – has ) + P.P for مدة
فاعل ماضي بسيط المدة ago I have travelled for 2 years ( ago )
I travelled 2 years ago
فاعل ( haven't – hasn't ) + P.P for مدة
فاعل last ماضي مدة ago I haven't slept for 2 hours
I last slept 2 hours ago
فاعل ( haven't – hasn't ) + been + v+ ing for مدة
فاعل started + v + ing مدة ago
فاعل began to + مصدر + مدة ago I have been learning English for a year
I started learning English a year ago
I began to learn English a year ago
• الفرق بين gone to ( have / has ) و ( have / has ) been to أن الاولى ذهب إلى مكان ولم يعد منه أما الثانية ذهب لمكان ما وعاد منه
•
He travelled to Cairo and came back ( been )
He has been to Cairo.
He traveled to London and still there [ has]
He has gone to London
Language notes
استخدامات 's
: هناك اكثر من ا ستخدام لـ 's
1. تستخدم فى التعبير عن الملكيه حينما توضع بعد اسم الشخص او الشيء ونسأل عن الملكية بــ whose whose book is this ? It is Ali's book
لو كان جمع بدلا من وضع 's للاسم نضع s' بدلا من s الجمع
The boys' shoes are new
He bought pupils' bags
لو كان الاسم عن جمعة لا نضيف له S يمكن وضع 's للتعبير عن الملكية
There are the children's buses
He sells women's clothes
لو كان الاسم متكون من اكثر من مقطع نضع الـ 's لاخر اسم مثل
Mohamed Ali's pen قلم محمد على / my mother in law's sister.
يمكن استخدام 's بعد المهن للتعبير عن مكان العمل
The butcher's محل الجزار / the grocer's محل البقاله / the chemist's صيدلية
لا نستخد 's لو كان الاسم مركب أي متكون من كلمتين مثل
Shopping center مركز التسوق computer screen شاشة كمبيوتر
يمكن استخدام 's بدل is او has كالتالى
He has studied Arabic he's studied Arabic
He is clever he's clever
الملكية مع الكلمات الزمنية المفردة لتمليكها مثل 's تستخدم
Yesterday's …/..Today's…/a day's /next week's
I had a holiday for a week [a week's holiday]
I had a week's holiday
الملكية مع الكلمات الزمنية ة لتمليكها في حالة الجمع s' تستخدم
I need eight hours' sleep= sleep eight hours
I bought a fridge with three months' holiday
s'قبل صيغة التمييزالعددي نضع –بعد المدة ولا نضع a/an في حالة وجود
We are going on a journey which will last for seven hours
-We are going on a seven –hour holiday
-we are going on seven hours' holiday
Some people only work three days every week
Some people only work a three- day week
Some people work three days' a week
our school lesson last 45 minutes
At school, we have 45 –minute lessons
At school, we have 45 minutes' lessons
Historic (تاريخى او ذو اهمية تاريخية وتأتي مع الاماكن ) historical (تاريخي أو قديم وتأتي مع الاشخاص أو ألاحداث أو الافلام ) saad zaghloul is a historical character
6th of October 1973 has a historic importance
I am interested in reading the historical novels
Uniform زي رسمي خاص مثل الزي المدرسي أو زي الشرطة او الجيش suit بدلة wearing the school uniform is one of our school rules
The army has its own uniform
I bought a new suit for my birthday party
Special خاص بفئة او طائفة معينة ( خصوصي او مخصوص ) private خاص بشخص او فئة ما اي مملوك لهم we should give the child special care
I have my private car
This bus is private it isn’t for the public
As تاتي مع الوظائف like تاتي مع التشبيهات he works like a machine
He works as a teacher of English
The reason for + (ingاسم او فعل وبة)=the reason why +جملة =the reason that +جملة
I don’t know the reason for his absence
I don’t know the reason why he was absent
The reason that I called her was to tell her about the next meeting
Do تستحدم لتعني انني اقوم باداء عمل makeتستخدم لتعني انني اقوم بتصنيع او انتاج او انشاء شئ ما do (operation –work –a job –things –harm –favour –homework-..etc
Make (parts –decision –money –a promise –speech –contribution ...etc
The carpenter made the table fine
She is making tea
I will do some thing for you
He does his home work regularly
My mother always does the shopping on Sundays
The doctor did the operation on my sick son last year
التعبير عن الرأي : هناك أكثر من طريقة للتعبير عن الرأي ومنها
1. I think …….. 2. In my opinion ……….
3. I am not sure whether …………. Or not
4 I [ really-honestly ] think /believe………..
* I think mubarak is a wise chief
I am not sure whether TV is useful fur or not
التعليق على الرأي :
للموافقه على الراي هناك نوعين وهما
Agreeing but not strongly
موافقة ولكن ليست بقوة Agreeing strongly
الموافقة بشدة
I suppose so.
You could be right.
May be I agree with you
You're right
Absolutely
I agree completely
لعدم الموافقة هناك طريقتين
Disagreeing strongly
عدم الموافقة بقوة Disagreeing politely
عدم الموافقة بادب
Rubbish!
No, it is not it is ……………
No , I disagree
I don't think so Yes / ok but …………….
I know that but …………..
You're right but ………….
I don't think that's right
Exercise
1-your friend thinks that having too many children is a burden for family
2-your friend thinks that TV is a bad invention, you don’t agree
3-your friend thinks that smoking is a good habit you disagree strongly
4-you think that what your friend has just said was wrong
Exercise on unit one
Respond to these situations
1-express your opinion towards the Egyptian thrown inheritance
2-express you opinion about our role in Ramadan
3-express your opinion towards the election process in Egypt
4- A TV interviewer wants to know the best thing that you passed through in your life
Correct the mistakes
1-he is still senior; he needs to get work experience
2- The pyramids area is a historical place
3- I had a two week's holiday
4- at the time of need I always do phone calls
5-she works like a doctor in a special hospital
6-the word noise sounds the same as "buys"
7-look! They eat the cone of the ice cream
8-insects carries illness
9-when I was seeing her , she was eating pops ice cream
10-last week at this time I read a story
Choose the correct answer
1-[archaeologists –tourists-geologists-astronauts] study the ancient monuments
2-he (didn’t –cant- wasn’t –won't] come until I invite him
3- Ibn Toulon mosque has a lot of [structure –architecture –jewellery]
4-our scientists is our source of [pleasure – pressure –pride-proud]
* write a paragraph a bout the responsibility of the youth towards their country
Translate into Arabic
1- we owe a lot to our genius scientists who spare no effort to help us lead a happy peaceful life , some of them are well know whereas others aren’t known to a lot of us but their inventions or discoveries will last for ever to witness how clever they were
2- Parents should encourage their sons to be creative
Translate into English
1- يعتبرالدكتور الباز واحد من اعظم العلماء في مجال الاستشعار عن بعد
2-تبذل مصر كل جهدها لتحقيق السلام وحل المشكلة الفلسطينية
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